1 Medical One Liners 301 - 310

---

301. Thrombospondins (TSP) has anti-angiogenic abilities

302. Infectious diseases communicable during the later part of the incubation period are - Measles, chickenpox, whooping cough, hepatitis A.

303. Fredericson classification - medial tibial stress syndrome

304. Bismuth-Corlette classification - perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

305. Luftsichel sign & juxtaphrenic peak sign - Left Upper Lobe collapse
        Flat waist sign - Left Lower Lobe collapse.

306. Most common hepatic malignancy in children is Hepatoblastoma.

307. Most common anomaly associated with coarctation of aorta is bicuspid aortic valve.

308. 4th Ventricle Ependymoma vs Meduloblastoma

• Ependymoma - usually from Floor of 4th ventricle (Mnemonic - Alphabetic order EF)
• Meduloblastoma - usually from Roof of 4th ventricle

309. Most common tumor of mediastinum - neurogenic tumor.

310. Most common causes of renal artery stenosis

• Old age - Atherosclerosis
• Young (India) - Takayasu arteritis
• Young (Western world) - Fibromuscular dysplasia.

---

MedicoNotebook - Founder : DrShiviMudgal , Co-Founder : DrAyushGoel

0 Medical one liners 291 - 300

---

291. Ulcerative colitis causes inflammatory diarrhoea
        Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency causes Steatorrheal diarrhoea

292. Metastases -

• MC intracranial metastasis from Carcinoma lung
• MC hepatic metastasis (overall) from Bronchogenic carcinoma
• MC hepatic mets from GIT from Colonic carcinoma

293. Isotonic exercise : Cardiac output increases
        Isometric exercise : Cardiac output decreases.

294. The repolarisation wave in heart starts from epicardial surface of apex.

295. Glucocorticoids increase the number of RBCs, platelets and neutrophils in the circulation.

296. Acute rheumatic fever - There is no residual damage to the joint.

297. Live vaccines are contraindicated in pregnancy.

298. Screening is effective for cervical cancer, breast cancer & oral cancer.

299. CTEV correction : 1st - forefoot adduction, then - inversion, then - equinus.

300. Receptor proteins for Parathyroid hormone (PTH) are present on both osteoblasts and osteocytes.

---

MedicoNotebook - Founder : DrShiviMudgal , Co-Founder : DrAyushGoel

0 Medical One liners 251 - 260

---

251. Most common type of disproportionate dwarfism : Achondroplasia

252. Commonest fatal neonatal dysplasia : Thanatophoric dwarfism.

253. Platyspondyly with central vertebral beaking is the diagnostic hallmark of Morquio's disease.

254. PNDT act - 1994, But PCPNDT act (amendment in PNDT act ) - 2003.

255. Pulmonary hypertension : Main pulmonary artery > 28.6 mm,
                                               Right descending pulmonary artery > 16mm

256. Speed of ultrasound in soft tissue : 1540 m/sec.

257. Natural global radiation : Average yearly radiation dose is 2.7 mSv

258. International commission on radiological protection (ICRP) was founded in 1928

259. Atomic energy act - 1962

260. Radionuclides K40 and C14 are present in human body.

---

MedicoNotebook - Founder : DrShiviMudgal , Co-Founder : DrAyushGoel

0 Chronic kidney disease

---

Chronic kidney disease (previously known as Chronic Renal Failure)

Most Common cause in < 5yr

• Obstructive uropathy (eg: Posterior urethral valve in males)
• Dysplasia/hypoplasia of kidney

Most Common cause in > 5yr 

• Acquired ( Glomerulonephritis , HUS )

Complications :

1. Azotemia
2. Anaemia
3. Acidosis
4. Bony problems (Rickets , Renal Osteodystrophy)
5. CVS problems (in Adults)
6. Growth failure

If ESRD (end stage renal disease i.e GFR < 15 ml/min/1.73m2 ) then there will be need of dialysis or transplant (advised in child)

---

MedicoNotebook - Founder : DrShiviMudgal , Co-Founder : DrAyushGoel

0 Medical one liners 171 - 180

---

171. Coast of california sign is seen in neurofibromatosis.

172. Hyppocampus and amygdala are very sensitive to hypoxia. Therefore if exposed to hypoxia, they die after 30 mins.

173. Among causes of neonatal seizures, Late onset hypocalcemia has best prognosis.

174. Sweaty feet odor : Glutaric acidemia type II , Isovaleric acidemia.
(Isovaleric acidemia also Cheesy odor)

175. MC cause of pancreatic calcifications - Chronic alcoholic pancreatitis.

176. MC complication after lens extraction in PHPV is vitreous hemorrhage.

177. Adenocarcinomas do not calcify.

178. Forgotten muscle of rotator cuff - Subscapularis.

179. Rett syndrome is characterized by Microcephaly.

180. Inferior border of orbit is formed by contribution from maxilla , palatine and zygomatic bones.

---

MedicoNotebook - Founder : DrShiviMudgal , Co-Founder : DrAyushGoel

0 Encephalitis (Most common causes and salient points)

---

Most common causes :

• Sporadic encephalitis - Herpes 
• Epidemic encephalitis - Arbovirus
• Viral encephalitis - Enterovirus (also MC meningoencephalitis)
• Brainstem encephalitis - Rabies 

Viral encephalitis : causes

1. Enterovirus (80%)
2. Arbovirus
3. Herpes
4. Mumps

HSV encephalitis :

• MRI - Temporal lobe hyperintensities on T2 and Flair
• CSF : haemorrhagic ; PCR for HSV
• Treatment - Acyclovir

---

MedicoNotebook - Founder : DrShiviMudgal , Co-Founder : DrAyushGoel

0 Infant of Diabetic Mother

---

Infant of Diabetic Mother

1. Can be Still birth

2. Can be Preterm , IUGR

3. Macrosomia

4. HMD

5. Neonatal Jaundice

6. Hypo Glycemia/Calcemia/Magnesemia

7. Polycythemia - Renal vein thrombosis

8. Lazy left colon syndrome (pseudo-obstruction of intestine - hypoperistaltic)

9. Heart diseases -

• MC - TGA (also MC congenital anomaly in Infant of diabetic mother)
• Asymmetrical Septal Hypertrophy
• Cardiomyopathy
• Persistent pulmonary HTN

 Important points : 

• MC congenital anomaly in Still borns of diabetic mother - Neural tube defects

• MC congenital anomaly in Infants of diabetic mother - TGA

• Most Specific anomaly in Infants of diabetic mother  - Sacral Agenesis

---

 Other Points to remember : 

• MC sign of Acute Hypoxia in Neonates : Bradycardia

• IOC to look for cerebral perfusion in birth asphyxiated newborn :  ( NIRS ) Near-infrared spectroscopy.

• Earliest and Most Common organ affected in Birth Asphyxia : Kidneys (ATN-Acute tubular necrosis) , later Brain (HIE - Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy). 

• MC cause of Renal failure in Newborn - Birth Asphyxia.

---

0 Complications of IUGR

---

Complications of IUGR :

• Chromosomal Abnormalities (21 , 13 , 18 )

• TORCH infections

• Perinatal depression - Birth asphyxia --> Meconium aspiration syndrome

• MC immediate cause of death in IUGR - Pulmonary Haemorrhage 

• Persistent pulmonary Hypertension of mewborn (Persistent Ductus Arteriosus ) (more in preterm)

• Hypothermia , Hypoglycemia , Hypocalcemia

• Acute tubular necrosis

• Polycythemia (But in preterm - Anaemia)

• Thrombocytopenia , Neutropenia

---

2 MC preventable cause of Mental retardation

---

Most Common Preventable cause of Mental retardation is Hypothyroidism.

Clinical scenario : Child with Hypotonia , Umblical hernia and prolonged physical Jaundice

Sutures - Widely open
Posterior fontanel - Open in hypothyroidism

Important point : TSH in child should be done >48hrs - 6days.
Reason -
If maternal TSH is high then we get false positive high TSH in Cord blood as well as on day 1.
i.e 24-48hrs in the child - Normally there would be High TSH.

---

0 Most Commons Page 4

MC cause of Non Union	Early mobilization
1st Clinical sign of union	Mineralized callus
MC cause of Pseudoarthrosis	NF1
MC compartment (VIC)  - MC muscle - MC cause -	Anterior Compartment forearm FDP Tight circumferential dressing / POP
MC cause of Sudeck’s	Colles’ fracture
MC association of carpel tunnel	Hypothyroidism
MC presentation of Cong. Dislocation knee	Hyperextension
MC extraskeletal manifestation of AS	Anterior Uveitis
MC gastroenteritis in <2year	Rotavirus (dsRNA Segmented)
MC Renal vascular anomaly	Supernumerary renal arteries
MC cysts in Spleen	Hydatid Cyst
MC infectious cause of Non Immune Hydrops Fetalis	Parvovirus
MC type of Nasopharangeal Ca	SCC
MC infectious cause of Erythema Nodosum	Streptococcus
MC site of sequestration	Left Lower lobe – posterior basal segment
MC renal artery stenosis Old Young Female Young female (Indian)	Atherosclerosis Fibromuscular dysplasia Takayasu’s dis.
MC site of ectopic Pancreatic tissue	Stomach and Meckel’s diverticulum
MC site of accessory spleen	Splenic hilum and vesicular pedicle
MC motility disorder of oesophagus	Nut Cracker
MC point mutation in Beta Thallesemia	1.       In splicing region 2.       Promoter region
MC hodgkin’s Lymphoma	World – NS India – Mixed
MC cause of steroid resistant Nephrotic	FSGS
MC cause of primary hyperthyroid	1.       Bilateral cortical hyperplasia 2.       Adrenal adenoma
MC affected in Polio	Quadriceps
Most Severely affected in Polio	Tibialis Anterior
MC esophageal Ca	India – Middle 1/3 (SCC) World – Lower  1/3 ( Adeno)
MC primary malignant brain tumor in child	Meduloblastoma
MC primary brain tumor in child	Pilocytic Astrocytoma
MC abdominal mass in newborn	MultiCystic Renal Dysplasia

0 Most Commons Page 3

MC complication of Nuclear Cataract	Subluxation of lens
MC complication of Cortical Cataract	Phacolytic Glaucoma
MC complication of steroid in eye	Oral – Cataract Topical – Glaucoma
MC Radiation cataract	Posterior SubCapsular
MC eye involvement  in Marfan’s	Superior temporal Ectopia Lentis
Most prominent eye involvement in Marfan’s	Megalocornea
Earliest Damage in Glaucoma	Arcuate fibers
MC cause of Malignant Glaucoma (T/t-Mydriatic)	Trabeculectomy
MC site of GRFomas	1.       Lung (54%) 2.       Pancreas (30%)
MC cause of Secondary Lipid Keratopathy	Disciform Keratitis (herpes)
MC allergy in Phlyctanular KC	1.       Staph Aureus 2.       TB
MC cause of Ophthalmia Neonatorum	Chlamydia
MC ocular manifestation of HIV	Microangiopathy (cotton wool spots)
MC opportunistic eye infection with HIV	CMV retinitis
MC malignant tumor of Lid	BCC (site – 1st common Lower Lid ,  2nd common – Inner Canthus)
MC cause of U/L and B/L Proptosis	Thyroid (Grave’s)
MC intraocular Tumor Child	Retinoblastoma
MC primary intraocular Tumor Adult	Choroidal Malig Melanoma
MC intra-orbital Tumor Child	Rhabdomyosarcoma
MC primary intra-orbital Tumor Adult	Cavernous Hemangioma
MC age for Retinoblastoma	18 mths
MC mode of presentation of Retinoblastoma	Leukocoria
MC metastatic orbital tumor in Child	Neuroblastoma
MC Diabetic Retinopathy in Factor – 1st Duration , 2nd Control of Blood Sugar	Type I (IDDM)
MC inheritance of RP (Ret.Pigmentosa)	AD (worst is X linked)
MC complication of Uveitis	Secondary Glaucoma
MC systematic association with Angioid Streaks	Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
MC cause of Vitreous Haemorrhage	Adults – Diabetes (Proliferative DR) Young – Trachoma
MC clostridium difficile infection because of	1.       Cefalosporins III generation 2.       Clindamycin (Maximum potential to cause C.Dif infection)
Most abundant Collagen in Bone	Type I
MC pathological fracture	1.       DorsoLumbar Spine 2.       Neck Femur 3.       Lower End radius
MC cause of Pathological fracture	1.       Osteoporosis 2.       Osteomalacia 3.       Malignancy
MC Salter Haris	Type II , 2nd MC Type IV

6 Most Commons Page 2

MC site of Gumma (Tert. Syphilis)	Lower Legs
Earliest Lesion in Early Congenital Syphilis	VesiculoBullous (Syphilitic Pemphigus)
MC feature in Late Congenital Syphilis	Interstitial  Keratitis
1st to be positive in Syphilis	FTA-Abs
MC Genital Wart / C.Accuminata	HPV 6 , 11
MC infectious cause of Erythema Nodosum	Beta Haemolytic Streptococcus
MC leprosy in India	BT
MC nerve injury during Thyroid Surgery	Superior Laryngeal Nerve
MC cause of U/L Vocal cord Paralysis	Ca Bronchus
MC congenital Laryngeal Anomaly	Laryngomalacia
MC Ca Larynx	Squamous cell Ca – Glottic
MC Tracheostomy	Mid (2,3,4 tracheal ring)
MC Sinusitis	Child – Ethmoid Adult – Maxillary
MC Sinusitis complicated with Osteomyelitis	Child – Maxillary Adult – Frontal (Pott’s Puffy Tumor)
1st Sinus to develop	1.       Maxillary 2.       Ethmoid 3.       Sphenoid 4.       Frontal (6year after birth)
MC sinus Malignancy	Maxillary
MC sinus Osteoma , and Mucocele	Frontal
MC cause of CSF Rhinorrhoea	Fracture Ethmoid
MC fracture face	1.       Nasal Bone 2.       Zygomatic
MC Site in Oral Ca	World – Ca Tongue India – Buccal Mucosa Ca
MC ossicle eroded in CSOM	Long process of Incus
MC part of facial Nerve injured during MRM	1.       Verticle Segment 2.       Genu
MC part of Nerve damaged in Unsafe CSOM	Horizontal Segment
MC otogenic brain abcess	1.       Temporal lobe 2.       Cerebellum
MC site for malignancy in Hypopharynx	Pyriform Sinus
1st Sign of Cavernous thrombosis	Ophthalmoplegia of Lateral Rectus (6th nerve)
MC type of phacomatosis	NF1
MC cause of Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in Males	Klinefelter’s Synd.
MC urethral Ca	Bulbomembranous Part (Squamous cell ca)
MC malignancy in Child	1.       ALL 2.       Brain Tumors
MC Solid tumor in child--------------------------- MC extracranial Solid tumor in Child--------------	Meduloblastoma Neuroblastoma
MC Congenital Cataract	Blue Dot
MC Congenital Cataract with diminution of Vision	Lamellar / Zonular
MC cataract in Congenital Rubella Synd	Nuclear Pearly