0 Stroke Volume

Stroke volume is determined by four factors:

1. The volume of venous blood returned to the heart
2. Ventricular distensibility, or the capacity to en-large the ventricle
3. Ventricular contractility
4. Aortic or pulmonary artery pressure (the pressure against which the ventricles must contract)

source: http://btc.montana.edu/olympics/physiology/cf04.html

0 Tarsal Bones

I used to confuse , which is medial and which is lateral among Navicular and Cuboid.?

 So i remembered it as N is Close to M in alphabetic order , hence Navicular is Medially placed.

Image Source : http://drugster.info/img/term/tarsus-bony-14742_3.jpg

0 J-shaped sella

A J-shaped sella is a variant configuration of the sella turcica, where the tuberculum sellae is flattened, thus forming the straight edge of the "J". The dorsum sellae remains rounded and forms the loop of the "J"


Differential diagnosis for a J-shaped sella includes: 
mucopolysaccharidoses : e.g. Hurler syndrome 
optic chiasm glioma
hydrocephalus : mild
achondroplasia
neurofibromatosis
normal variant (~5% of children)


"Mnemonic : MOHAN"

0 Mesoblastic Nephroma and some related points.

Mesoblastic nephroma (fetal renal hamartoma) is the commonest renal tumour in the neonate, most cases presenting by the age of 3 months, rarely above 12 months. It is solid but may contain cystic, haemorrhagic and necrotic areas. It is locally infiltrative and may recur if incompletely resected, and on rare occasions metastasize to lungs, brain and bone.

Treatment of mesoblastic nephroma is "Surgery" (with capsule)! Adjuvant Radio and chemo incearses morbity without improved survival (May be tried in mets or recurrent cases)!!

1- Most common abdominal mass in neonates- Multicystic dyaplastic kidney (then comes hydronephrosis of kidney with PUJ obstruction).
2- Most common renal tumour in neonates- Mesoblastic nephroma.
3- Most common abdominal lump before 2 Yrs- Neuroblastoma.
4- Most common abdominal lump between 2 and 5 yrs - Wilms tm.